Recovery and Recycling of Valuable Metals from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Comprehensive Review and Analysis

The recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries (Li-ion Batteries) has drawn a lot interest in recent years response to the rising demand for corresponding high-value metals and materials mounting concern emanating from detrimental environmental effects imposed by conventional disposal solid battery waste. Numerous studies have been conducted on topic used Li-ion produce either or specific chemical, metal metal-based compounds. Physical pre-treatment is typically separate waste into various streams, facilitating effective recovery components subsequent processing. In order further prepare recovered compounds applying principles chemistry engineering, metallurgical process then utilized extract isolate pure contaminants particular stream. this review, current state outlined, reviewed, analyzed context entire process, with emphasis hydrometallurgy; however, electrometallurgy pyrometallurgy are also comprehensively reviewed. addition comprehensive review hydrometallurgical processes, including alkaline leaching, acidic solvent (liquid-liquid) extraction, chemical precipitation, critical analysis obstacles optimization during conducted. Moreover, energy-intensive nature discussed routes assessed addressed. This study anticipated offer recommendations enhancing wasted recycling, field can be explored commercialization.